Preparation of aldehydes and ketones from alkenes using polyoxometalate catalysts and nitrogen oxides

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a process for preparing aldehydes and ketones by carbon-carbon bond cleavage of alkenes, wherein the process is catalysed by first row transition metal nitro coordinated polyoxometalate catalyst. The catalyst can be prepared by pre-treatment of aqua coordinated polyoxometalates with NO 2 , or they are formed in situ when the reactions are carried in nitroalkanes under aerobic conditions, or they are formed in situ from nitrosyl (NO) compounds in the presence of O 2 .

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a process for preparing aldehydes and ketones by carbon-carbon bond cleavage of alkenes, wherein the process is catalysed by first row transition metal nitro coordinated polyoxometalate catalyst.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The aerobic cleavage of carbon-carbon double bonds of alkenes, especially to aldehydes, is a valuable transformation of synthetic importance. The use of renewable resources such as unsaturated fatty acid derivatives as feedstock substrates for such reactions is also enticing. High yields of carboxylic acids from disubstituted alkenes may be obtained using reagents such as permanganate/periodic acid, ruthenium tetraoxide with hypochlorite or periodate, and hydrogen peroxide with peroxotungstate catalysts under acidic conditions through formation of epoxide and diol intermediates. The strong oxidizing conditions used in these reactions typically prevent the selective preparation of aldehydes from disubstituted alkenes. For such transformations a common procedure is to utilize the 1,3-dipolar addition of ozone to a double bond to yield an initial ozonide or 1,2,3-trioxolane, which is then decomposed to yield aldehydes under reducing conditions. The explosive nature of ozone, often renders a multistep reaction cascade of epoxidation and hydrolysis to yield a glycol, which can then be cleaved by any number of procedures, as a more attractive alternative. Classically, periodic acid or lead acetate have often been used for the cleavage of glycols to aldehydes, but catalytic methods have also been disclosed including use of oxygen as oxidant.

It would be advantageous to use molecular oxygen, i.e., O₂, in a one-step oxidative cleavage of carbon-carbon bonds to yield aldehydes and/or ketones. However, the reaction of hydrocarbons with ground state O₂ ubiquitously occurs via free radical autooxidation mechanisms typically initiated by the cleavage of a carbon-hydrogen bond and formation of a carbon centered free radical, for example at the allylic position of an alkene. These mechanistically very complex autooxidation reactions, which involve the interplay of many reactions steps and multiple pathways, result in non-selective product formation, the bane of organic synthesis.

Paramagnetic nitrogen dioxide, NO₂, is a known reagent for nitration, nitrosation, and the facilitation of halogenation reactions; but also has been used for oxidation. The most reported oxidation reaction has been that of thioethers and other sulfur containing compounds. Typically, NO₂, a “weak” radical, is only active in hydrogen atom transfer reactions when the carbon-hydrogen bond is weak as in alcohols, although electron transfer oxidation of reactive substrates such as anthracene and polyhydroxyarenes is also known. As pertains to the reaction of NO₂ with alkenes, commonly addition to the double bond to yield nitroalkenes was observed. In certain cases, epoxidation has been observed such as with diadamantylidene and related hindered alkenes, and the reaction of phenylethenes with NO₂ has been reported to yield some carbon-carbon bond cleavage products, although the selectivity and yields are low.

To the Applicant's best knowledge, the selective cleavage of carbon-carbon double bonds with metal-nitro or metal-nitrito complexes has not been reported. In fact, metal-nitro and metal-nitrito compounds have been used only relatively rarely as oxygen donors. Thus, palladium-nitro catalysed oxidation of alkenes and iron heme and non-heme sulfoxidation of thioethers are the most reported transformations. Recently, nitrites have also been used as oxygen donors in the anti-Markovnikov palladium catalysed Wacker reaction.

There remains a need for efficient methods for preparing aldehydes and ketones by carbon-carbon bond cleavage of alkenes, which methods are amenable for industrial applications, as well as the use of renewable carbon sources as substrates.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a process for preparing aldehydes and ketones by carbon-carbon bond cleavage of alkenes, wherein the process is catalysed by first row transition metal nitro coordinated polyoxometalates. The catalyst is formed in situ in the alkene reaction mixture or independent from the alkene reaction mixture. In one embodiment, the catalyst is formed by reacting a polyoxometalate precatalyst having an aqua or other ligand-coordinated polyoxometalates with NO₂ or its dimer N₂O₄, or the catalyst is formed by reacting under aerobic conditions polyoxometalate precatalyst and nitroalkane in the presence of molecular oxygen (O₂), or the catalyst is formed by reacting nitrosyl (NO) coordinated transition metal polyoxometalate precatalyst with oxygen (O₂) or under aerobic conditions.

The present invention is based on the unexpected discovery that nitro-ligated/coordinated polyoxometalate catalysts comprising at least one transition metal (TM), efficiently catalyse the cleavage of carbon-carbon double bonds, to produce high yield of carbonyl products. These reactions proceed via “TM-NO₂” species wherein NO₂ can be added initially as a gas or in the form of its dimer N₂O₄, or it can be formed from nitroalkanes in the presence of O₂. “TM-NO” species are formed after oxygen transfer and can be regenerated in the presence of O₂ to complete the catalytic cycle. Alternatively, “TM-NO” species can be prepared de novo and oxidized with an oxidant such as molecular oxygen (O₂) to yield a “TM-NO₂” species.

Thus, in one embodiment, the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of aldehydes and/or ketones from alkenes, comprising the step of contacting an alkene with a nitro coordinated polyoxometalate catalyst comprising a transition metal (TM), or a solvate thereof thereby generating the aldehydes and/or ketones. In some embodiments, the nitro coordinated polyoxometalate catalyst form a transition metal-NO₂ complex which catalyses C═C bond cleavage of the alkene, thereby generating the aldehydes and/or ketones.

In some embodiments, the nitro coordinated polyoxometalate is formed in situ in the alkene reaction mixture or independent from the alkene reaction mixture; wherein the nitro coordinated polyoxometalate is formed by reacting polyoxometalate precatalyst comprising transition metal (TM), or a solvate thereof with nitrogen dioxide (NO₂). The NO₂ is introduced into the reaction as a gas or in the form of its dimer N₂O₄. In accordance with this embodiment, the reaction may be conducted under aerobic or anaerobic conditions.

In other embodiments, the nitro coordinated polyoxometalate is formed in situ in the alkene reaction mixture or independent from the alkene reaction mixture; wherein the nitro coordinated polyoxometalate is formed by reacting under aerobic conditions polyoxometalate precatalyst and nitroalkane. In accordance with this embodiment, the alkene is reacted with an aqua (H₂O) or other ligand-coordinated polyoxometalate precatalyst in the presence of a nitroalkane and molecular oxygen (O₂), wherein the nitroalkane decomposes to generate NO₂ in situ. The nitroalkane is generally represented by the structure RNO₂ wherein R is a C₁-C₃ alkyl. Preferably, R is methyl (i.e., nitromethane) or ethyl (i.e., nitroethane).

In other embodiments, the nitro coordinated catalyst is formed in situ in the alkene reaction mixture or independent from the alkene reaction mixture; wherein the nitro coordinated polyoxometalate is formed by reacting nitrosyl (NO) coordinated polyoxometalate precatalyst with oxygen (O₂) or under aerobic conditions. Alternatively, the process of the invention results in a nitrosyl (NO) coordinated polyoxometalate which is regenerated under aerobic conditions to produce a nitro (NO₂) coordinated polyoxometalate.

In some embodiment, the alkene is a linear or branched alkene. In another embodiment, the alkene is non cyclic. In another embodiment, the alkenes are from synthetic or natural-bio-renewable origin may be used in the process of the invention. The alkene may be a 1-monosubstituted alkene, 1,1-disubstituted alkene, a 1,2-disubstituted alkene, a 1,1,2-trisubstituted alkene or a 1,1,2,2-tetrasubstituted alkene.

In some embodiments, the alkene is represented by formula R¹R²C═CR³R⁴ wherein R¹-R⁴ is each independently H, optionally substituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl wherein at least one of R¹-R⁴ is other than H. In other embodiments, the alkene is selected from the group consisting of PhC(CH₃)═CH₂, Ph₂C═CH₂, (Z)-PhHC═CHPh, (E)-PhHC═CHPh, and Ph₂C═CPh₂.

In addition, the alkene is a monounsaturated or polyunsaturated alkene. In another embodiment, the alkene is a linear or branched optionally substituted monounsaturated or polyunsaturated alkene. In some embodiment, the alkene is a mono or poly-unsaturated fatty acid or a fatty acid derivative, which is preferably derived from a natural source. Non-limiting examples of alkenes include monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty alcohols, polyunsaturated fatty alcohols, monounsaturated acids, polyunsaturated acids, monounsaturated alcohols, polyunsaturated alcohols, monounsaturated amides, polyunsaturated amides, monounsaturated esters, polyunsaturated esters, monounsaturated nitriles and polyunsaturated nitriles, including all isomers thereof

Polyoxometalate catalysts suitable for use in the present invention are typically represented by the general formula I Q_(q)[X_(x)M_(m)TM_(n)L_(l)O_(y)F_(z)] or a solvate thereof, wherein X is a metal or non-metal heteroatom, proton or a combination thereof, M are addenda atoms selected from the group consisting of tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), niobium (Nb), and vanadium (V), and any combination thereof; TM are transition metals such as chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), nickel, (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), ruthenium (Ru), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), iridium (Ir), rhodium (Rh) and any combination thereof; L are ligands to the transition metal such as aqua (H₂O), hydroxyl (OH), halides or pseudohalides (e.g., F, Cl, Br, I, CN, SCN, OCN), nitrosyl (NO), nitro (NO₂), null and any combination thereof; Q is a counter-cation selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal cation, an alkaline earth metal cation, a transition metal cation, an organic cation, a substituted or unsubstituted quaternary ammonium cation, an adduct of a quaternary ammonium cation with NO₂, a quaternary phosphonium cation, an adduct of a quatemary phosphonium cation with NO₂, and any combination thereof; O is oxygen; F is fluorine; x is an integer between 0 and 6; m is an integer between 4 and 200; n is an integer between 1 and 10; 1 is an integer between 1 and 10; y is an integer between 5 and 1000; q is an integer between 0 and 30; and z is an integer between 0 and 20. Non-limiting examples of such catalysts are provided hereinbelow. In a currently preferred embodiment, the polyoxometalate catalyst is Q_(q){α₂-TM(L)P₂W₁₇O₆₁} or Q_(q){[(TM(L)]₂WZn(ZnW₉O₃₄)₂}; Q_(q){[TM(L)]₂WZn(ZnW₉O₃₄)₂} or Q_(q){[(TM(L)]₂WCo(Co₂W₉O₃₄)₂}; Q_(q){(XTM(L)M₁₁O₃₉}; or Q_(q){X′H₂TM(L)W₁₇F₆O₅₅}; wherein X, TM, L, Q, M and q are as defined above and X′ is Na.

Polyoxometalate precatalysts suitable for use in the present invention are typically represented by the general formula I Q_(q)[X_(x)M_(m)TM_(n)L_(l)O_(y)F_(z)] or a solvate thereof, wherein X is a metal, non-metal heteroatom, a proton or combination thereof; M are addenda atoms selected from the group consisting of tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), niobium (Nb), and vanadium (V), and any combination thereof; TM are transition metals such as chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), nickel, (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), ruthenium (Ru), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), iridium (Ir), rhodium (Rh) and any combination thereof; L are ligands to the transition metal such as aqua (H₂O), hydroxyl (OH), halides or pseudohalides (e.g., F, Cl, Br, I, CN, SCN, OCN), nitrosyl (NO), null and any combination thereof; Q is a counter-cation selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal cation, an alkaline earth metal cation, a transition metal cation, an organic cation, a substituted or unsubstituted quaternary ammonium cation, a quaternary phosphonium cation, and any combination thereof; O is oxygen; F is fluorine; x is an integer between 0 and 6; m is an integer between 4 and 200; n is an integer between 1 and 10; 1 is an integer between 1 and 10; y is an integer between 5 and 1000; q is an integer between 0 and 30; and z is an integer between 0 and 20. Non-limiting examples of such catalysts are provided hereinbelow. In a currently preferred embodiment, the polyoxometalate precatalyst is Q_(q){α₂-TM(L)P₂W₁₇O₆₁} or Q_(q){[(TM(L)]₂WZn(ZnW₉O₃₄)₂}; Q_(q){[(TM(L)]₂WZn(ZnW₉O₃₄)₂} or Q_(q){[(TM(L)]₂WCo(Co₂W₉O₃₄)₂}; Q_(q){XTM(L)M₁₁O₃₉} or or Q_(q){X′H₂TM(L)W₁₇F₆O₅₅}; wherein X, TM, L, Q, M and q are as defined above; and X′ is Na.

The process of the invention can be performed in the presence of a variety of organic solvents. Non-limiting examples of suitable solvents include aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., toluene, xylene), nitriles (e.g., acetonitrile), carboxylic acids (e.g., acetic acid or propionic acid), ketones (e.g. acetone), alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol), halogenated hydrocarbons (e.g., methylene chloride, chloroform), nitroalkanes (e.g. nitromethane or nitroethane), ethers (e.g., tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl ether, diethyl ether), dimethyl sulfoxide, amides (e.g., dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidinone), carboxylic acids (e.g., propionic acid), esters (e.g., methyl acetate, ethyl acetate), etc.

In one embodiment, this invention is directed to a nitro coordinated polyoxometalate catalyst represented by the following structure of formula I:

Q_(q)[X_(x)M_(m)TM_(n)L_(l)O_(y)F_(z)] or a solvate thereof, wherein

-   -   X is a metal or non-metal heteroatom, a proton or any         combination thereof;     -   M is an addenda atom selected from the group consisting of         tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), niobium (Nb), and vanadium (V),         and any combination thereof;     -   TM is a transition metal selected from the group consisting of         chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), nickel,         (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), ruthenium (Ru), palladium (Pd),         platinum (Pt), iridium (Ir), rhodium (Rh) and any combination         thereof;     -   L is nitrogen dioxide (NO₂);     -   Q is a counter-cation selected from the group consisting of an         alkali metal cation, an alkaline earth metal cation, a         transition metal cation, an organic cation, a substituted or         unsubstituted quaternary ammonium cation, an adduct of said         quaternary ammonium cation with NO₂, a substituted or         unsubstituted quaternary phosphonium cation, an adduct of said         quaternary phosphonium cation with NO₂ , and any combination         thereof;     -   O is oxygen;     -   F is fluorine;     -   x is an integer between 0 and 6;     -   m is an integer between 4 and 200;     -   n is an integer between 1 and 10;     -   l is an integer between 0 and 10;     -   y is an integer between 5 and 1000;     -   q is an integer between 0 and 30; and     -   z is an integer between 0 and 20.

Further embodiments and the full scope of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description given hereinafter. However, it should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention will be understood and appreciated more fully from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the appended figure:

FIG. 1. Relative rate of oxidation of phenyl substituted alkene substrates by Q₈{α₂-Co(NO₂)P₂W₁₇O₆₁}. Q=trioctylmethylammonium and/or the NO₂ adduct thereof. Reaction conditions: 62.5 mM substrate, 15.6 mM Q₈{α₂-Co(NO₂)P₂W₁₇O₆₁} in 80/20 vol/vol % DCM/acetone, Ar, 295 K.

FIG. 2. Turnovers after 1 hr for the oxidation of 0.32 M trans-stilbene catalysed by 0.32 mM Q₁₂{ZnWTM₂(NO₂)₂(ZnW₉O₃₄)₂} in 9 mL MeCN, 2 bar O₂, 85° C. Q=trioctylmethylammonium and/or the NO₂ adduct thereof.

FIG. 3. ³¹P NMR spectra of 48 mM {α2-M(L)P₂W₁₇O₆₁}⁸⁻ in DCM/acetone-d₆ (80/20, vol %). (a) M=Cu; L=NO₂. (b) M=Cu; L=H₂O. (c) M=Co; L=NO₂. (d) M=Co; L=H₂O.

FIG. 4. Hammett plot for oxidative cleavage of trans-stilbene derivatives (62.5 mM) by Q′₈{α₂-Co(NO₂)P₂W₁₇O₆₁ (15.6 mM). Reactions were carried out in DCM/acetone-d₆ (80/20, vol %) under Ar at 295 K.

FIG. 5. ³¹P NMR spectrum of a reaction mixture of Q′⁸{α2-Co(NO₂)P₂W₁₇O₆₁}⁸⁻ and trans-stilbene. Inset: the amount of intermediate species formed over time. The intermediate species is assigned to a {α₂-Co(NO₂)P₂W₁₇O₆₁}⁸⁻-trans-stilbene adduct that disappeared upon heating of the sample.

FIG. 6. Ball and stick structure representation for the model sandwich anion [Cu(NO₂)Cu(H₂O)WZn₂(W₉O₃₄)₂]¹²⁻. Selected distances are given in Å.

FIG. 7. Ball and stick structure representation for the WellsDawson {α₂-TM(H₂O)P₂W₁₇O₆₁}^(q−) (Left), the “Sandwich” {[(TM(H₂O)]₂WZn(ZnW₆O₃₄)₂}^(q−) (middle) and the Quasi Wells-Dawson {NaH₂TM(H₂O)W₁₇F₆O₅₅}^(q−) Type Anions (right).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

In one embodiment, this invention is directed to a nitro coordinated polyoxometalate catalyst comprising a transition metal, or solvate thereof, and uses thereof for the preparation of aldehydes and/or ketones from alkenes.

The present invention is based on part on the surprising discovery that reaction of NO₂ with a transition metal (TM)-substituted polyoxometalate yields a TM-nitro intermediate that was surprisingly competent for the oxidative cleavage of alkenes with formation of metal nitrosyl intermediates. The later could be re-oxidized with O₂ to yield a catalytic cycle as shown in Scheme 1. Scheme 1 shows aerobic oxidative cleavage of alkenes catalysed by transition metal polyoxometalates using, as an example, the Wells-Dawson {α₂-TM(L)P₂W₁₇O₆₁}⁸⁻, the “sandwich” type {[(TM(L)]₂WZn(ZnW₉O₃₄)₂}¹²⁻ or the Quasi Wells-Dawson Q_(q){X′H₂TM(L)W₁₇F₆O₅₅}; (FIG. 7) catalytic systems, wherein TM is Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, and L is NO₂.

In one embodiment, this invention is directed to a process for the preparation of aldehydes and/or ketones from alkenes, comprising the step of contacting said alkene with a nitro coordinated polyoxometalate catalyst comprising a transition metal (TM), or a solvate thereof, thereby generating the aldehydes and/or ketones. In another embodiment, the nitro coordinated polyoxometalate catalyst forms a transition metal-NO₂ complex which catalyses C═C bond cleavage of the alkene, thereby generating the aldehydes and/or ketones.

In one embodiment, this invention is directed to a process for the preparation of aldehydes and/or ketones from alkenes, comprising the step of contacting said alkene with polyoxometalate precatalyst comprising a transition metal (TM), or a solvate thereof, in the presence of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), forming a nitro coordinated polyoxometalate catalyst, thereby generating the aldehydes and/or ketones. In another embodiment, the nitro coordinated polyoxometalate catalyst form a transition metal-NO₂ complex which catalyses C═C bond cleavage of the alkene, thereby generating the aldehydes and/or ketones.

In one embodiment, this invention is directed to a process for the preparation of aldehydes and/or ketones from alkenes, comprising the step of contacting said alkene with polyoxometalate precatalyst comprising a transition metal (TM), or a solvate thereof, in the presence of nitroalkane and oxygen, forming a nitro coordinated polyoxometalate catalyst, thereby generating the aldehydes and/or ketones.

In one embodiment, this invention is directed to a process for the preparation of aldehydes and/or ketones from alkenes, comprising the step of contacting said alkene with nitrosyl (NO) coordinated polyoxometalate precatalyst comprising a transition metal (TM), or a solvate thereof, in the presence of oxygen, forming a nitro coordinated polyoxometalate catalyst, thereby generating the aldehydes and/or ketones.

In some embodiments, the molar ratio of polyoxometalate to alkene is about 1 equivalent of polyoxometalate per alkene. In other embodiments, the molar ratio of polyoxometalate to alkene is about 0.1-1 equivalents of polyoxometalate per alkene. In other embodiments, the molar ratio of polyoxometalate to alkene is about 0.05 equivalent of polyoxometalate per alkene. In other embodiments, the molar ratio of polyoxometalate to alkene is about 0.02 equivalent of polyoxometalate per alkene. In other embodiments, the molar ratio of polyoxometalate to alkene is about 0.01 or less equivalent of polyoxometalate per alkene. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In some embodiments, the process of this invention is carried out under anaerobic conditions, while in one embodiment the reaction is carried out in the presence of oxygen (O₂). In some embodiment, the oxidation reaction is performed in the presence of molecular oxygen, hence in an atmosphere having at least partial pressure of O₂. In some embodiments, the oxidation reaction is performed in the presence of a predetermined and controllable partial pressure of O₂. According to some embodiments, partial pressure of O₂ in the atmosphere at which the reaction is performed ranges from 0.1 bar of O₂ to about 5 bar of O₂. In another embodiment, suitable oxygen pressures range from sub atmospheric O₂ pressure, to atmospheric pressure to about 2-3 bars O₂. It is noted herein that the reaction is not limited by its efficiency to 5 bar of O₂, and higher pressures are also suitable.

Polyoxometalate Catalysts/Precatalysts

In one embodiment, this invention is directed to a nitro coordinated polyoxometalate catalyst comprising a transition metal, or solvate thereof and uses thereof for the preparation of aldehydes and/or ketones from alkenes. The nitro coordinated polyoxometalate catalyst is a soluble polyoxoanion salt represented by the general formula Q_(q)[X_(x)M_(m)TM_(n)L_(l)O_(y)F_(z)] or a solvate thereof, wherein X is a metal or non-metal heteroatom, a proton or combination thereof; M is an addenda atom selected from the group consisting of tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), niobium (Nb), and vanadium (V), and any combination thereof; TM is a transition metal selected from the group consisting of chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), nickel, (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), ruthenium (Ru), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), iridium (Ir), rhodium (Rh) and any combination thereof; L is nitro (NO₂); Q is a counter-cation selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal cation, an alkaline earth metal cation, a transition metal cation, an organic cation, a substituted or unsubstituted quaternary ammonium cation, an adduct of said quaternary ammonium cation with NO₂, a substituted or unsubstituted quaternary phosphonium cation, an adduct of said quaternary phosphonium cation with NO₂, and any combination thereof; O is oxygen; F is fluorine; x is an integer between 0 and 6; m is an integer between 4 and 200; n is an integer between 1 and 10; 1 is an integer between 0 and 10; y is an integer between 5 and 1000; q is an integer between 0 and 30; and z is an integer between 0 and 20.

In some embodiments, the polyoxometalate catalyst is a Wells-Dawson type polyoxometalate represented by the structure Q_(q){α₂-TM(L)P₂W₁₇O₆₁} or Q_(q){α₁-TM(L)P₂W₁₇O₆₁} wherein Q, q, TM and L are as defined above. In some preferred embodiments of the Wells-Dawson type polyoxometalate:

-   -   TM is a transition metal selected from Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu,         Zn and Ru, preferably Ru, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni and Cu;     -   L is NO₂;     -   Q is a counter-cation selected from the group consisting of an         alkali metal cation, an alkaline earth metal cation, a         transition metal cation, an organic cation, a substituted or         unsubstituted quaternary ammonium cation, an adduct of said         quaternary ammonium cation with NO₂, a substituted or         unsubstituted quaternary phosphonium cation, an adduct of said         quaternary phosphonium cation with NO₂, and any combination         thereof; and q is an integer between 6 and 12.

Examples of Wells-Dawson type polyoxometalate include, but are not limited to: Q₈{α₂-Cu(NO₂)P₂W₁₇O₆₁}, Q₈{α₁-Cu(NO₂)P₂W₁₇O₆₁}. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In other preferred embodiments, the polyoxometalate catalyst is a “sandwich” type polyoxometalate represented by the structure Q_(q){[(TM(L)]₂WZn(ZnW₉O₃₄)₂} or Q_(q){[(TM(L)]₂WCo(CO₂W₉O₃₄)₂} wherein Q, q, TM and L are as defined above. In some preferred embodiments of the “sandwich” type polyoxometalate:

-   -   TM is a transition metal selected from Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu,         Zn and Ru, preferably Ru,     -   Fe, Mn, Co, Ni and Cu;     -   L is NO₂;     -   Q is a counter-cation selected from the group consisting of an         alkali metal cation, an alkaline earth metal cation, a         transition metal cation, an organic cation, a substituted or         unsubstituted quaternary ammonium cation, an adduct of said         quaternary ammonium cation with NO₂, a substituted or         unsubstituted quaternary phosphonium cation, an adduct of said         quaternary phosphonium cation with NO₂, and any combination         thereof; and q is an integer between 6 and 12.

Examples of “sandwich” type polyoxometalate include, but are not limited to: Q₁₂{ZnWCu₂(NO₂)₂(ZnW₉O₃₄)₂}, or Q₁₂{CoWCu₂(NO₂)₂(Co₂W₉O₃₄)₂}. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In some embodiments, the polyoxometalate catalyst is a “Keggin” type polyoxometalate represented by the structure Q_(q){XTM(L)M₁₁O₃₉} wherein Q, q, X, TM, L and M are as defined above. In some preferred embodiments of the “Keggin” type polyoxometalate, X is P, Si or As; M is Mo, W or a combination thereof, and q is 3-10.

In some embodiments, the polyoxometalate catalyst is quasi Wells-Dawson polyfluoroxometalate type polyoxometalate represented by the structure Q_(q){X′H₂TM(L)W₁₇F₆O₅₅}. In another embodiment, X′ is Na, TM is Cu or Mn, and q is between 3 to 10. In another embodiment, Q_(q)[X_(x)M_(m)TM_(n)L_(l)O_(y)F_(z)] is represented by the structure Q_(q){X′H₂TM(L)W₁₇F₆O₅₅}; wherein X is X′ and a proton and X′ is Na; and M is W.

Examples of quasi Wells-Dawson polyfluoroxometalate type polyoxometalate catalyst include Q₉{NaH₂Cu(NO₂)W₁₇F₆O₅₅} and Q₉{NaH₂Mn(NO₂)W₁₇F₆O₅₅}.

In another embodiment, Q substituents for any of the foregoing polyoxometalate catalysts are trioctylmethylammonium or NO₂ adducts thereof. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment X substituents for any of the foregoing catalysts are Na, B, Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sn, P, As, Sb, S, Se Te, a proton or any combination thereof. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment X′ substituents for any of the foregoing catalysts is Na.

In some embodiment, the process of this invention makes use of a precatalyst. In one embodiment, the precatalyst is used in situ, in the alkene reaction mixture. In one embodiment, the nitro coordinated polyoxometalate and its use in the process of the preparation of ketone and/or aldehyde is formed independent/separately from the alkene reaction mixture. In another embodiment, the nitro coordinated polyoxometalate is formed by reacting a precatalyst in the presence of NO₂ or N₂O₄. In another embodiment, the nitro coordinated polyoxometalate is formed by reacting under aerobic conditions polyoxometalate precatalyst and a nitroalkane. In another embodiment, the nitro coordinated polyoxometalate is formed by reacting a nitrosyl (NO) coordinated polyoxometalate precatalyst under aerobic conditions.

In one embodiment, the process of this invention makes use of a polyoxometalate precatalyst. In another embodiment, the precatalysts are soluble polyoxoanion salts represented by the general formula Q_(q)[X_(x)M_(m)TM_(n)L_(l)O_(y)F_(z)] or a solvate thereof, wherein X is a metal, non-metal heteroatom, a proton or any combination thereof; M is an addenda atom selected from the group consisting of tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), niobium (Nb), and vanadium (V), and any combination thereof; TM is a transition metal selected from the group consisting of chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), nickel, (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), ruthenium (Ru), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), iridium (Ir), rhodium (Rh) and any combination thereof; L is absent or is a ligand selected from the group consisting of (H₂O), hydroxyl (OH), a halide selected from F, Cl, Br and I; a pseudohalide selected from CN, OCN and SCN; nitrosyl (NO) and any combination thereof; Q is a counter-cation selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal cation, an alkaline earth metal cation, a transition metal cation, an organic cation, a substituted or unsubstituted quaternary ammonium cation, a substituted or unsubstituted quaternary phosphonium cation, and any combination thereof; O is oxygen; F is fluorine; x is an integer between 0 and 6; m is an integer between 4 and 200; n is an integer between 1 and 10; 1 is an integer between 0 and 10; y is an integer between 5 and 1000; q is an integer between 0 and 30; and z is an integer between 0 and 20.

In some embodiments, the polyoxometalate precatalyst is a Wells-Dawson type polyoxometalate represented by the structure Q_(q){α₂-TM(L)P₂W₁₇O₆₁} or Q_(q){α₁-TM(L)P₂W₁₇O₆₁} wherein Q, q, TM and L are as defined above. In some preferred embodiments of the Wells-Dawson type polyoxometalate:

-   -   TM is a transition metal selected from Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu,         Zn and Ru, preferably Ru,     -   Fe, Mn, Co, Ni and Cu;     -   L is H₂O or NO;     -   Q is a counter-cation selected from the group consisting of an         alkali metal cation, an alkaline earth metal cation, a         transition metal cation, an organic cation, a substituted or         unsubstituted quaternary ammonium cation, an adduct of said         quaternary ammonium cation with NO₂, a substituted or         unsubstituted quaternary phosphonium cation, an adduct of said         quaternary phosphonium cation with NO₂, and any combination         thereof; and q is an integer between 6 and 12.

Examples of Wells-Dawson type polyoxometalate precatalyst include, but are not limited to:

Q₈{α₂-Cu(H₂O)P₂W₁₇O₆₁}, Q₈{α₂-Cu(NO)P₂W₁₇O₆₁}, Q₈{α₁-Cu(H₂O)P₂W₁₇O₆₁} and Q₈{α₁-Cu(NO)P₂W₁₇O₆₁}. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In other preferred embodiments, the polyoxometalate precatalyst is a “sandwich” type polyoxometalate represented by the structure Q_(q){[(TM(L)]₂WZn(ZnW₉O₃₄)₂} or Q_(q){[TM(L)]₂WCo(CO₂W₉O₃₄)₂} wherein Q, q, TM and L are as defined above. In some preferred embodiments of the “sandwich” type polyoxometalate:

-   -   TM is a transition metal selected from Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu,         Zn and Ru, preferably Ru,     -   Fe, Mn, Co, Ni and Cu;     -   L is H₂O or NO;     -   Q is a counter-cation selected from the group consisting of an         alkali metal cation, an alkaline earth metal cation, a         transition metal cation, an organic cation, a substituted or         unsubstituted quaternary ammonium cation, an adduct of said         quaternary ammonium cation with NO₂, a substituted or         unsubstituted quaternary phosphonium cation, an adduct of said         quaternary phosphonium cation with NO₂, and any combination         thereof; and q is an integer between 6 and 12.

Examples of “sandwich” type polyoxometalate precatalyst include, but are not limited to: Q₁₂{ZnWCu₂(H₂O)₂(ZnW₉O₃₄)₂}, Q₁₂{ZnWCu₂(NO)₂(ZnW₉O₃₄)₂}, Q₁₂{CoWCu₂(H₂O)₂(CO₂W₉O₃₄)₂} or Q₁₂{CoWCu₂(NO)₂(CO₂W₉O₃₄)₂}. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In other preferred embodiments, the polyoxometalate precatalyst is a “Keggin” type polyoxometalate represented by the structure Q_(q){XTM(L)M₁₁O₃₉} wherein Q, q, X, TM, L and M are as defined above. In some preferred embodiments of the “Keggin” type polyoxometalate, X is P, Si or As; M is Mo, W or a combination thereof, and q is 3-10.

In some embodiments, the polyoxometalate precatalyst is quasi Wells-Dawson polyfluoroxometalate type polyoxometalate represented by the structure Q_(q){X′H₂TM(L)W₁₇F₆O₅₅}. In another embodiment, X′ Na, TM is Cu or Mn, and q is between 3 to 10. In another embodiment, Q_(q)[X_(x)M_(m)TM_(n)L_(l)O_(y) F_(z)] is represented by the structure Q_(q){X′H₂TM(L)W₁₇F₆O₅₅}; wherein X is X′ and a proton and X′ is Na; and M is W.

Examples of quasi Wells-Dawson polyfluoroxometalate type polyoxometalate precatalyst include Q₉{NaH₂Cu(H₂O)W₁₇F₆O₅₅}, Q₉{NaH₂Mn(H₂O)W₁₇F₆O₅₅}, Q₉{NaH₂Cu(NO)W₁₇F₆O₅₅} and Q₉{NaH₂Mn(NO)W₁₇F₆O₅₅}.

In another embodiment X′ is Na.

Preferred X substituents for any of the foregoing precatalysts are Na, B, Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sn, P, As, Sb, S, Se Te, a proton or any combination thereof. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

The term “solvate” refers to a complex of variable stoichiometry (e.g., di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, and so on up to 1000-), which is formed by a solute (transition metal-polyoxometalate) and a solvent, whereby the solvent does not interfere with the activity of the solute. Suitable solvents and solvent mixture may include, for example, water, acetonitrile, ethanol, acetic acid and the like.

Polyoxometalate catalyst or precatalyst of this invention are often found in solvated forms, for example hydrates. Thus, the present invention encompasses polyoxometalate solvates, such as but not limited to polyoxometalate hydrates. Other solvate molecules of polyoxometalate include, but are not limited to diethylether, acetonitrile, dimethylsulfoxide, tetrahydrofuran, methanol, ethanol solvates and so forth. The amount of solvate molecules can vary from less than one to a few hundred. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

The term “hydrate” refers to a solvate, as defined hereinabove, where the solvent is water. The number of water molecules in a hydrate can range from 1 and up to 1,000.

The polyoxometalate catalyst or precatalyst of this invention are represented by formula I: Q_(q)[X_(x)M_(m)TML_(l)O_(y)F_(z)]. In one embodiment, M is an addenda atom selected from the group consisting of tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), niobium (Nb), and vanadium (V), and any combination thereof In another embodiment, M is tungsten (W). In another embodiment, M molybdenum (Mo). In another embodiment, M niobium (Nb). In another embodiment, M and vanadium (V). In one embodiment, x is an integer between 0 and 6. In another embodiment, x is 0. In another embodiment, x is 1, in another embodiment, x is 2. In another embodiment x is 3. In another embodiment, x is 4. In another embodiment, x is 5. In another embodiment, x is 6. In one embodiment, m is an integer between 4 and 200. In another embodiment, m is 4. In another embodiment, m is between 5 to 10. In another embodiment, m is between 10 to 20. In another embodiment, m is between 20 to 40. In another embodiment, m is between 5 to 50. In another embodiment, m is between 20 to 100. In another embodiment, m is between 100 to 200. In another embodiment, m is between 50 to 150. In another embodiment, m is between 4 to 50. In another embodiment, m is between 4 to 100. In one embodiment, n is an integer between 1 and 10. In another embodiment, n is 1. In another embodiment, n is 2. In another embodiment, n is 3. In another embodiment, n is 4. In another embodiment, n is 5. In another embodiment, n is 6. In another embodiment, n is 7. In another embodiment, n is 8. In another embodiment, n is 9. In another embodiment, n is 10. In one embodiment, 1 is an integer between 0 and 10. In another embodiment, 1 is 0. In another embodiment, 1 is 1. In another embodiment, 1 is 2. In another embodiment, 1 is 3. In another embodiment, 1 is 4. In another embodiment, 1 is 5. In another embodiment, 1 is 6. In another embodiment, 1 is 7. In another embodiment, 1 is 8. In another embodiment, 1 is 9. In another embodiment, 1 is 10. In one embodiment, y is an integer between 5 and 1000. In another embodiment, y is an integer between 5 and 20. In another embodiment, y is an integer between 5 and 100. In another embodiment, y is an integer between 50 and 200. In another embodiment, y is an integer between 50 and 500. In another embodiment, y is an integer between 100 and 1000. In one embodiment q is an integer between 0 and 30. In another embodiment, q is 0. In another embodiment, q is an integer between 1 and 30. In another embodiment, q is an integer between 0 to 10. In another embodiment, q is an integer between 5 and 15. In one embodiment, z is an integer between 0 and 20. In another embodiment, z is 0. In another embodiment, z is an integer between 1-20. In another embodiment, z is an integer between 1 and 10. In another embodiment, z is an integer between 5 and 20. In another embodiment, z is an integer between 5 and 15.

The polyoxometalate catalyst or precatalyst of this invention include transition metals. In one embodiment, the transition metals (TM) may be in any oxidation state such as (II), (III), (IV) etc. In another embodiment, the transition metal is chromium (Cr). In another embodiment, the transition metal is iron (Fe). In another embodiment, the transition metal is manganese (Mn). In another embodiment, the transition metal is cobalt (Co). In another embodiment, the transition metal is nickel, (Ni). In another embodiment, the transition metal is copper (Cu). In another embodiment, the transition metal is zinc (Zn). In another embodiment, the transition metal is ruthenium (Ru). In another embodiment, the transition metal is palladium (Pd). In another embodiment, the transition metal is platinum (Pt). In another embodiment, the transition metal is iridium (Ir). In another embodiment, the transition metal is rhodium (Rh). In another embodiment, the transition metal is chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), nickel, (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), ruthenium (Ru), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), iridium (Ir), rhodium (Rh) and any combination thereof or any combination thereof.

Alkenes

As mentioned above, the nature of the alkene substrate is not particularly limiting, and alkenes from synthetic or natural-bio-renewable origin may be used in the process of the invention. In one embodiment, the alkene is linear or branched alkene. In another embodiment, the alkene is non-cyclic. In another embodiment, the alkene is a linear or branched substituted monounsaturated or polyunsaturated alkene.

In another embodiment, the alkene is a 1-monosubstituted alkene, 1,1-disubstituted alkene, a 1,2-disubstituted alkene, a 1,1,2-trisubstituted alkene or a 1,1,2,2-tetrasub stituted alkene, wherein the substituents of the alkene include optionally substituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl. In another embodiment the substituents of the aryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl and heterocycle include one or more substituents including NO₂, CN, alkoxy, haloalkyl, halide, hydroxyl, thiol, amine, carboxylic acid, amide, ester or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the alkene is represented by formula R¹R²C═CR³R⁴ wherein R¹-R⁴ is each independently a H, optionally substituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, or optionally substituted heterocycle or any combination thereof, wherein at least one of R¹-R⁴ is other than H. In another embodiment, the substituents of the aryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl and heterocycle include NO₂, CN, alkoxy, haloalkyl, halide, hydroxyl, thiol, amine, carboxylic acid, amide, ester or any combination thereof.

As used herein, the term “alkyl” can be any straight- or branched-chain alkyl group containing up to about 30 carbons unless otherwise specified. In another embodiment, an alkyl includes C₁-C₅ carbons. In another embodiment, an alkyl includes C₁-C₆ carbons. In another embodiment, an alkyl includes C₁-C₈ carbons. In another embodiment, an alkyl includes C₁-C₁₀ carbons. In another embodiment, an alkyl is a C₁-C₁₂ carbons. In another embodiment, an alkyl is a C₁-C₂₀ carbons. In another embodiment, branched alkyl is an alkyl substituted by alkyl side chains of 1 to 5 carbons. In one embodiment, the alkyl group may be unsubstituted. In another embodiment, the alkyl group may be substituted by a halogen, haloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, carbonyl, amido, alkylamido, dialkylamido, cyano, nitro, CO₂H, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, carboxyl, thio and/or thioalkyl.

As used herein, the term “aryl” refers to any aromatic ring that is directly bonded to another group and can be either substituted or unsubstituted. The aryl group can be a sole substituent, or the aryl group can be a component of a larger substituent, such as in an arylalkyl, arylamino, arylamido, etc. Exemplary aryl groups include, without limitation, phenyl, tolyl, xylyl, furanyl, naphthyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isooxazolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, thiophene-yl, pyrrolyl, phenylmethyl, phenylethyl, phenylamino, phenylamido, etc. Substitutions include but are not limited to: F, Cl, Br, I, C₁-C₅ linear or branched alkyl, C₁-C₅ linear or branched haloalkyl, C₁-C₅ linear or branched alkoxy, C₁-C₅ linear or branched haloalkoxy, CF₃, CN, NO₂, —CH₂CN, NH₂, NH-alkyl, N(alkyl)₂, hydroxyl.

As used herein, the term “alkoxy” refers to an ether group substituted by an alkyl group as defined above. Alkoxy refers both to linear and to branched alkoxy groups. Nonlimiting examples of alkoxy groups are methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, iso-propoxy, tert-butoxy.

A “haloalkyl” group refers, in another embodiment, to an alkyl group as defined above, which is substituted by one or more halogen atoms, e.g. by F, Cl, Br or I. Nonlimiting examples of haloalkyl groups are CF₃, CF₂CF₃, CH₂CF₃.

A “cycloalkyl” group refers, in one embodiment, to a ring structure comprising carbon atoms as ring atoms, which may be either saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted. In another embodiment the cycloalkyl is a 3-12 membered ring. In another embodiment the cycloalkyl is a 6 membered ring. In another embodiment the cycloalkyl is a 5-7 membered ring. In another embodiment the cycloalkyl is a 3-8 membered ring. In another embodiment, the cycloalkyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted by a halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, carbonyl, amido, alkylamido, dialkylamido, cyano, nitro, CO₂H, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, carboxyl, thio and/or thioalkyl. In another embodiment, the cycloalkyl ring may be fused to another saturated or unsaturated cycloalkyl or heterocyclic 3-8 membered ring. In another embodiment, the cycloalkyl ring is a saturated ring. In another embodiment, the cycloalkyl ring is an unsaturated ring. Non limiting examples of a cycloalkyl group comprise cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopropenyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclobutyl, cyclobutenyl, cycloctyl, cycloctadienyl (COD), cycloctaene (COE) etc.

A “heterocycle” or “heterocyclic” group refers, in one embodiment, to a ring structure comprising in addition to carbon atoms, sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen or any combination thereof, as part of the ring. In another embodiment the heterocycle is a 3-12 membered ring. In another embodiment the heterocycle is a 6 membered ring. In another embodiment the heterocycle is a 5-7 membered ring. In another embodiment the heterocycle is a 3-8 membered ring. In another embodiment, the heterocycle group may be unsubstituted or substituted by a halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, carbonyl, amido, alkylamido, dialkylamido, cyano, nitro, CO₂H, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, carboxyl, thio and/or thioalkyl. In another embodiment, the heterocycle ring may be fused to another saturated or unsaturated cycloalkyl or heterocyclic 3-8 membered ring. In another embodiment, the heterocyclic ring is a saturated ring. In another embodiment, the heterocyclic ring is an unsaturated ring. Non limiting examples of a heterocyclic rings comprise pyridine, piperidine, morpholine, piperazine, thiophene, pyrrole, benzodioxole, or indole.

The alkene substrates used in the process of the invention contain one or more double bonds. The present invention intends to encompass all structural and geometrical isomers including cis, trans, E and Z isomers, independently at each occurrence. Thus, the alkene may be a cis-alkene, trans-alkene, (Z) or (E) isomers, or combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the alkene is selected from the group consisting of PhC(CH₃)═CH₂, Ph₂C═CH₂, (Z)-PhHC═CHPh, (E)-PhHC═CHPh, and Ph₂C═CPh₂.

In addition, the alkene may be a monounsaturated or polyunsaturated alkene. In some embodiment, the alkene is a mono or poly-unsaturated fatty acid or a fatty acid derivative, which is preferably derived from a natural source. Non-limiting examples of alkenes include monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty alcohols, polyunsaturated fatty alcohols, monounsaturated amides, polyunsaturated amides, monounsaturated esters, polyunsaturated esters, monounsaturated nitriles and polyunsaturated nitriles, including all isomers thereof.

Non-limiting examples of alkenes include R-X wherein R is a mono or polyunsaturated alkenyl, and X═COOH, COOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CON(R′)₂, CN, OH or NH₂ wherein R′ is independently at each occurrence an alkyl, Examples include fatty acids (R—COOH) such as oleic acid, elaidic acid, linoleic acid (alpha or gamma), linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, arachidonic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, myristic acid, lauric acid, and tetradec-7-enoic acid; or an amine (X═NH₂), amide (X═CONH₂, CONHR′ or CON(R′)₂), alcohol (X═OH), ester (X═COOR′) or nitrile (X═CN) derivative of any of the foregoing fatty acids. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention. It is understood by a person of skill in the art that any other mono or polyunsaturated alkene can be used as a starting material in the process of the invention.

As used herein and in the appended claims the singular forms “a”, “an,” and “the” include plural references unless the content clearly dictates otherwise.

The principles of the present invention are demonstrated by means of the following non-limitative examples.

EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS SECTION EXAMPLE 1 Conversion of Alkenes to Aldehydes/Ketones with Q_(q){α₂-TM(NO₂)P₂W₁₇O₆₁}

A reaction of 0.156 M Q′₈{α2-Co(NO₂)P₂W₁₇O₆₁} with 0.078 M trans-stilbene in 0.5 mL of DCM/acetone (80/20, vol %) under Ar at 295 K yielded benzaldehyde as the sole product at 80% conversion by gas chromatographic (GC) analysis. In order to verify that Q′=[(C₈H₁₇)₃CH₃N—NO₂]⁺ was not involved in this oxidative cleavage reaction and that the Co(III)—NO₂ moiety was responsible for the reaction observed, two control reactions were performed. The first was simply the reaction of trans-stilbene with Q′Cl, and the second involved the addition of 8 equiv of Q′Cl to the Co(II)-aqua species, Q₈{α2-Co¹¹(H₂O)P₂W₁₇O₆₁}, and then its reaction with trans-stilbene. In neither case was any formation of benzaldehyde observed.

It was demonstrated that various Wells-Dawson type polyoxometalates {α₂-TM(NO₂)P₂W₁₇O₆₁}^(q) where TM=Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, are reactive for the oxidative cleavage of alkenes in stoichiometric reactions under anaerobic conditions. For example, a series of alkenes was reacted with Q₈{α₂-Co(NO₂)P₂W₁₇O₆₁} (Q=trioctylmethylammonium and/or the NO₂ adduct thereof) to yield the aldehyde/ketone product only (FIG. 1). The order of reactivity, as determined by the relative rate of reaction was 1,1-disubstituted alkenes<1,2-disubstituted alkenes<1,1,2-trisubstituted alkenes<tetraphenylethene. Trans-stilbene was more reactive than the cis-isomer. Oxidation of mono-substituted alkene such as styrene was slower and was less selective to benzaldehyde.

Using various substituted trans-stilbene derivatives led to a Hammett plot that showed a change in the reaction mechanism from a positively charged transition state to a negatively charged one when going from electron-donating substituents (ρ=−0.77) to electron-withdrawing substituents (ρ=0.28) on the 4,4′-positions of the phenyl rings (FIG. 4). The low absolute ρ values indicate only a partial charge at the transition state and, therefore, more than likely a homolytic bond cleavage reaction rather than a more ionic heterolytic bond cleavage step.

The temperature dependence of the oxidative cleavage reaction was surveyed for trans-stilbene and its 4,4′-OMe and 4,4′-NO₂ derivatives as substrates (Table 1). As can be seen, the activation parameters, ΔG‡, ΔH‡, and ΔS‡, extracted from the Eyring plot, are very similar for all three substrates. Most significantly, the reaction is entropy controlled, the large negative value of ΔS‡ indicating a highly ordered transition state.

TABLE 1 Activation parameters for the reaction of trans-stilbene derivatives. Substituent ΔG^(‡) ₂₉₈ ^(b)) ΔH^(‡) ₂₉₈ ^(b)) ΔS^(‡) ₂₉₈ ^(c)) 4,4′-OMe 20.5 2.4 −60.5 H 20.7 3.1 −59.1 4,4′-NO₂ 20.4 2.3 −60.8 a) Reaction conditions: Trans-stilbene deivatives (62.5 mM) Q′₈{α₂-Co(NO₂)P₂W₁₇O₆₁} (15.6 mM) in 0.5 mL DCM/acetone-d₆ 80/20 vol/vol % under Ar at 233-298 K; ^(b))in kcal · mol⁻¹; ^(c))in cal · mol⁻¹ · K⁻¹.

The fate of the {α₂-Co(NO₂)P₂W₁₇O₆₁}⁸⁻ anion during the oxidative cleavage reaction of the trans-stilbene derivatives was followed by ³¹P NMR (FIG. 5). One may observe the formation of the nitrosyl product, {α₂-Co(NO)P₂W₁₇O₆₁}⁸⁻, which has a spectrum, δ=−6.7 and 9.6 ppm, identical to that of a separately prepared compound. In addition, an intermediate species, Int, was observed that is assigned to a {α2-Co(NO₂)P₂W₁₇O₆₁}⁸⁻trans-stilbene adduct that disappeared upon heating of the sample. The amount of Int increases as the reaction continues (FIG. 5, inset). The peak width, the upfield chemical shift and position, and the absence of a complementary peak attributable to the phosphorus atom vicinal to the cobalt center argue for an intermediate in which it is reasonable that electron density is transferred from the double bond of the trans-stilbene to the polyoxometalate; that is, it is a Co(II) species. Further evidence for this assignment came from the integration of the combined {α2-Co(NO)—P₂W₁₇O₆₁}⁸⁻ and Int peaks, which showed a conversion commensurate with the conversion observed by GC analysis. Next, a catalytic reaction using O₂ as the terminal oxidant was performed as described in Scheme 1. Surveying the reactivity of nitrosyl ligated compounds revealed that the copper substituted compound, Q₈{α₂-Cu(NO)P₂W₁₇O₆₁} did slowly react with O₂ at slightly elevated temperatures of 65° C. to yield Q₈ {α₂-Cu(NO₂)P₂W₁₇O₆₁}. Measurement of the kinetics of the reaction of O₂ and Q₈{α₂-Cu(NO)—P₂W₁₇O₆₁} to give Q₈{α₂-Cu(NO₂)P₂W₁₇O₆₁} showed that the reaction was second order in Q₈{α2-Cu(NO)P₂W₁₇O₆₁} and zero order in O₂.

It was observed that the aforementioned polyoxometalate was less stable at elevated temperatures, undergoing demetalation of the Cu center and formation of the lacunary species Q₁₀{α₂-P₂W₁₇O₆₁}. Accordingly, the more stable sandwich type compounds, {[(TM(L)]₂WZn(ZnW₉O₃₄)₂}¹², were used for the catalytic reactions.

EXAMPLE 2 Conversion of Alkenes to Aldehydes/Ketones with Q_(q){[(TM(NO₂)]₂WZn(ZnW₉O₃₄)₂

Q_(q){[(TM(NO₂)]₂WZn(ZnW₉O₃₄)₂} complexes were prepared for TM=Cu, Mn, Ru, Fe, Co, and Ni and Q=trioctylmethylammonium and/or the NO₂ adduct thereof and reacted with trans-stilbene in the presence of O₂ (FIG. 2). The results show that the Cu substituted compound was the most reactive catalyst. This catalyst was thus used for the remaining studies.

Under O₂ pressure at 85° C., a control reaction in acetonitrile with the aqua complex, Q₁₂{ZnWCu₂(H₂O)₂(ZnW₉O₃₄)₂}, Q=trioctylmethylammonium and/or the NO₂ adduct thereof showed no activity. However, the nitrosyl compounds Q₁₂{ZnWCu₂(NO)₂(ZnW₉O₃₄)₂} did lead to efficient oxidation of trans-stilbene in the presence of O₂ (Scheme 2).

It was observed, however, that organic nitro compounds could be used as solvents/reagents in the oxidative cleavage reactions. In Scheme 3, a comparison was made between the reaction of aryl substituted ethenes catalysed by the nitro ligated compound, Q₁₂{ZnWCu₂(NO₂)₂(ZnW₉O₃₄)₂}, Q=the NO₂ adduct of trioctylmethylammonium, carried out in acetonitrile (=System A) and a reaction catalysed by aqua compound Q₁₂{ZnWCu₂(H₂O)₂(ZnW₉O₃₄)₂} Q=trioctylmethylammonium carried out in nitroethane (=System B). The reactions carried out in nitroethane gave significantly higher conversions and thus aldehyde products tended to be further oxidized to benzoic acid derivatives. It should be noted, however that increasing the pressure to 3 bar O₂ for reactions carried out using system B, raised the conversions to >90% with little change in reaction selectivity. Only in the case of cis- and trans-stilbene was nitration at the double bond observed. Trans-stilbene oxide could be further oxidized to benzaldehyde, but the diketone benzil was not reactive. Therefore, the former may be an intermediate in the reaction although in the stoichiometric reactions it was not observed.

Furthermore, it was observed that O₂ was required when nitroethane was used as a solvent. Use of acetonitrile/nitroethane as solvents with Q₁₂{ZnWCu₂(H₂O)₂(ZnW₉O₃₄)₂} Q=trioctylmethylammonium as catalyst was also efficient; the kinetic profiles showed that reactions were dependent on the nitroethane concentration.

The reaction with nitroethane as solvent or reagent was especially intriguing and raised the hypothesis that Q₁₂{ZnWCu₂(H₂O)₂(ZnW₉O₃₄)₂} in the presence of O₂ catalysed the formation of NO₂, which would then yield a Cu—NO₂ active species. Mechanistic studies indeed provide support for formation of NO₂ from nitroethane under the aerobic reaction conditions noted in Scheme 3 (data not shown).

A comparison of reaction with various nitroalkanes, RNO₂, as solvent where R=Me, Et, i-Pr, and t-Bu (5% Q₁₂[ZnWCu^(II) ₂(H₂O)₂(ZnW₉O₃₄)₂] Q=trioctylmethylammonium, 0.065 mmol trans-stilbene R—NO₂ 0.5 mL, O₂ 3 bar, 85° C., 1 h) showed conversions 88% (Et)˜85% (Me)>40% (i-Pr)>1% (t-Bu).

EXAMPLE 3 Conversion of Methyloleate to Aldehydes/Ketones with Q₁₂{[(Cu(NO₂)]₂WZn(ZnW₉O₃₄)₂

It was shown noted above that NO₂ bound to a copper substituted sandwich type polyoxometalate efficiently catalysed the oxidative cleavage of arylated ethenes, when NO₂ was used a reagent or formed in situ either by oxidation of a nitrosyl substituted precursor or via decomposition of a nitroalkane under reaction conditions. The scope of the reaction for further substrate types was investigated. One interesting example is the oxidation of a bio-renewable based substrate, such as the methyloleate. Thus, the aerobic oxidative cleavage of methyloleate to yield the aldehyde, methyl-8-formyl-octanoate, could be a very accessible pathway to 9-amino methylnonanoate that could be used to make nylon 9. According to Scheme 4, greater than 90% yields of aldehyde products, nonanal and methyl-8-formyl-octanoate were attainable using nitroethane as solvent at 85° C., or using a minimal amount of NO₂ with propionic acid as solvent at 125° C. There was only slight formation, <3% of epoxide and carboxylic acids and no nitration products were observed.

EXAMPLE 4 Polyoxometalate Synthesis.

K₈{α₂-TM(H₂O)P₂W₁₇O₆₁} where TM=Co^(II), Cu^(II) were prepared by the known literature method, as were the Na_(q){ZnWTM₂(H₂O)₂(ZnW₉O₃₄)₂} compounds for TM=Mn_(II) Fe^(III), Co^(II), Ni^(II) and Cu^(II).

Aqua ligated polyoxometalates. Q₈{α₂-TM(H₂O)P₂W₁₇O₆₁} where Q=trioctylmethylammnonium were prepared by dissolving 200 mg of K₈{α₂TM(H₂O)P₂W₁₇O₆₁} in 20 mL H₂O at room temperature. Eight equivalents of trioctylmethylammonium chloride (133 mg) dissolved in 20 mL dichloromethane were added and the biphasic mixture was vigorously stirred. The solvent was removed by evacuation from the lower organic phase to dryness, affording brown TM=Co^(II) or green TM=Cu^(II) oil with yields of 95-100%. ³¹P NMR (85% H₃PO₄ external standard): TM=Co^(II) −23.5 ppm, TM=Cu^(II) −10.3 ppm (FIG. 3). Visible spectra: λ_(max), nm (ε, cm⁻¹M⁻¹) for M=Co^(II) 552 (96); M=Cu^(II) 722 (48). Thermogravimetric measurements for both Q₈{α₂-TM(H₂O)P₂W₁₇O₆₁} compounds showed a 42% mass loss corresponding at up to 300° C. corresponding to 8 equivalents of Q per polyoxometalate unit.

Nitro ligated polyoxometalates. Q₈{α₂-TM(NO₂)P₂W₁₇O₆₁} where Q trioctylmethylammonium and/or NO₂ adduct thereof were prepared by dissolving 300 mg Q₈{α₂-TM(H₂O)P₂W₁₇O₆₁} in 1 mL dichloromethane in a 50 mL flask, which was evacuated from air by 3 freeze-pump-thaw cycles. Then, at 77 K, NO₂(g) was introduced into the flask under vacuum for 1-2 sec producing initially a blue hue in the flask. After thawing to room temperature, an orange-brown gas lies above the colored solution. The flask was purged with Ar for 30 min after swirling it for a few seconds. A purple (TM=Co) or turquoise (TM=Cu) oil in quantitative yield was obtained and stored under Ar. ³¹P NMR (85% H₃PO₄ external standard): M=Co −6.2 and −9.3 ppm, M=Cu −6.1 and −9.1 ppm (FIG. 3). Visible spectra: λ_(max), nm (ε, cm⁻¹M⁻¹) for TM=Co 542 (81); M=Cu 783 (22).

Q_(q){[(TM(NO₂)]₂WZn(ZnW₉O₃₄)₂} compounds were prepared for TM=Cu, Mn, Ru, Fe, Co, and Ni in an identical fashion from Na_(q){ZnWTM₂(H₂O)₂(ZnW₉O₃₄)₂} starting materials. Thus, Q_(q){[(TM(NO₂)]₂WZn(ZnW₉O₃₄)₂} where Q=trioctylmethylammnonium were prepared by dissolving 200 mg of Na_(q){ZnWTM₂(H₂O)₂(ZnW₉O₃₄)₂} in 20 mL H₂O at room temperature. Twelve equivalents of trioctylmethylammonium chloride (200 mg) dissolved in 20 mL dichloromethane were added and the biphasic mixture was vigorously stirred. The solvent was removed by evacuation from the lower organic phase to dryness, affording Q_(q){ZnWTM₂(H₂O)₂(ZnW₉O₃₄)₂}. Q_(q){ZnWTM₂(H₂O)₂(ZnW₉O₃₄)₂} was then reacted with NO₂(g) at 77 K by its introduction into the flask under vacuum for 1-2 sec producing initially a blue hue in the flask. After thawing to room temperature, an orange-brown gas lies above the colored solution. The flask was purged with Ar for 30 min after swirling it for a few seconds. Q_(q){[TM(NO₂)]₂WZn(ZnW₉O₃₄)₂} were obtained in greater than 90% yield and stored under Ar.

Nitrosyl ligated polyoxometalates. Q₈{α₂-TM(NO)P₂W₁₇O₆₁} where Q=trioctylmethylammonium were prepared by dissolving 80 mg Q₈{α₂-TM(H₂O)P₂W₁₇O₆₁} in 1 mL dichloromethane in a 50 mL flask, which was evacuated from air by 3 freeze-pump-thaw cycles. In parallel, NO(g) was prepared by adding 900 mg NaNO₂ (97%) to 5 mL glacial acetic acid. If some NO₂ was formed (brown color) it was removed by a gentle flow of Ar. By syringe 20 mL of the NO gas was injected to the polyoxometalate solution and shaken manually for 5 min with an accompanying color change. The flask was purged with Ar for 30 min. After removal of the solvent After pale-blue (TM=Co) or yellow (TM=Cu) oils were obtained in quantitative yield and stored under Ar. ³¹P NMR (85% H₃PO₄ external standard): TM=Co −6.7 and −9.6 ppm, TM=Cu −6.6 and −9.9 ppm. Visible spectra: λ_(max), nm (ε, cm⁻¹M⁻¹) for TM=Co 685 (108); TM=Cu 400 shoulder.

Oxidation Reactions.

Catalytic oxidation reactions were carried out in 25 mL ace glass pressure tubes. The tubes were charged with the catalyst, substrate and solvent in the specified amounts; air was purged and then pressurized with O₂ and heated in a temperature controlled oil bath. At each relevant time period, an aliquot was taken, dissolved in 0.2 mL DCM and then analysed by GC/GC-MS.

While certain embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and described, it will be clear that the invention is not limited to the embodiments described herein. Numerous modifications, changes, variations, substitutions and equivalents will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as described by the claims, which follow. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A process for the preparation of aldehydes and/or ketones from alkenes, comprising the step of contacting said alkene with a nitro coordinated polyoxometalate catalyst comprising a transition metal (TM), or a solvate thereof, thereby generating the aldehydes and/or ketones.
 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein said nitro coordinated polyoxometalate catalyst forms a transition metal-NO₂ complex which catalyses C═C bond cleavage of the alkene, thereby generating the aldehydes and/or ketones.
 3. The process according to claim 1, wherein said nitro coordinated polyoxometalate is formed either in situ with said alkene or independent from said alkene; wherein said nitro coordinated polyoxometalate is formed by reacting a polyoxometalate precatalyst comprising transition metal (TM), or a solvate thereof with nitrogen dioxide (NO₂).
 4. The process of claim 3, wherein said NO₂ is added as a gas or in the form of its dimer N₂O₄, and wherein the reaction is conducted under aerobic or anaerobic conditions.
 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein said nitro coordinated polyoxometalate is formed in situ with said alkene or independent from said alkene; wherein said nitro coordinated polyoxometalate is formed by reacting polyoxometalate precatalyst and a nitroalkane under aerobic conditions.
 6. The process according to claim 5, wherein said process in situ comprises contacting said alkene with an aqua (H₂O) or other ligand coordinated polyoxometalate precatalyst in the presence of a nitroalkane and molecular oxygen (O₂), wherein the nitroalkane decomposes to generate NO₂ in situ and thereby said nitro coordinated olyoxometalate catalyst is formed.
 7. The process according to claim 5, wherein the nitroalkane is represented by the structure RNO₂ wherein R is a C₁-C₃ alkyl.
 8. The process according to claim 1, wherein said nitro polyoxometalate is formed in situ with said alkene or independent from said alkene; wherein said nitro coordinated polyoxometalate is formed by reacting a nitrosyl (NO) coordinated polyoxometalate precatalyst under aerobic conditions or oxygen (O₂) to yield nitro coordinated polyoxometalate.
 9. The process according to claim 1, wherein said process produces a nitrosyl (NO) coordinated polyoxometalate which is regenerated under aerobic conditions to produce a nitro (NO₂) coordinated polyoxometalate.
 10. The process according to claim 1, wherein said alkene is non-cyclic alkene.
 11. The process according to claim 1, wherein said alkene is from a synthetic or natural, bio-renewable origin.
 12. The process according to claim 1, wherein the alkene is a 1-monosubstituted alkene, 1,1-disubstituted alkene, a 1,2-disubstituted alkene, a 1,1,2-trisubstituted alkene or a 1,1,2,2-tetrasubstituted alkene.
 13. The process according to claim 12, wherein the alkene is represented by formula R¹R²C═CR³R⁴ wherein R₁-R⁴ is each independently H, optionally substituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl, wherein at least one of R₁-R⁴ is other than H.
 14. The process according to claim 12, wherein said alkene is selected from the group consisting of PhC(CH₃)═CH₂, Ph₂C═CH₂, (Z)—PhCH═CHPh, (E)-PhCH═CHPh, and Ph₂C═CPh₂.
 15. The process according to claim 12, wherein said alkene is selected from the group consisting of monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty alcohols, polyunsaturated fatty alcohols, monounsaturated amides, polyunsaturated amides, monounsaturated esters, polyunsaturated esters, monounsaturated nitriles and polyunsaturated nitriles, including all isomers thereof.
 16. The process according to claim 1, wherein said polyoxometalate catalyst is a polyoxoanion salt polyoxometalate represented by the structure of formula I: Q_(q)[X_(x)M_(m)TM_(n)L_(l)O_(y)F_(z)] or a solvate thereof, wherein X is a metal or non-metal heteroatom, a proton or combination thereof; M is an addenda atom selected from the group consisting of tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), niobium (Nb), and vanadium (V), and any combination thereof; TM is a transition metal selected from the group consisting of chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), nickel, (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), ruthenium (Ru), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), iridium (Ir), rhodium (Rh) and any combination thereof; L is nitrogen dioxide (NO₂); Q is a counter-cation selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal cation, an alkaline earth metal cation, a transition metal cation, an organic cation, a substituted or unsubstituted quaternary ammonium cation, an adduct of said quaternary ammonium cation with NO₂, a substituted or unsubstituted quaternary phosphonium cation, an adduct of said quaternary phosphonium cation with NO₂ , and any combination thereof; O is oxygen; F is fluorine; x is an integer between 0 and 6; m is an integer between 4 and 200; n is an integer between 1 and 10; l is an integer between 0 and 10; y is an integer between 5 and 1000-; q is an integer between 0 and 30; and z is an integer between 0 to
 20. 17. The process according to claim 3, wherein said polyoxometalate precatalyst is a polyoxoanion salt polyoxometalate represented by the structure of formula I: Q_(q)[X_(x)M_(m)TM_(n)L_(l)O_(y)F_(z)] or a solvate thereof, wherein X is a metal or non-metal heteroatom, a proton or a combination thereof; M is an addenda atom selected from the group consisting of tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), niobium (Nb), and vanadium (V), and any combination thereof; TM is a transition metal selected from the group consisting of chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), nickel, (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), ruthenium (Ru), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), iridium (Ir), rhodium (Rh) and any combination thereof; L is absent or is a ligand selected from the group consisting of (H₂O), hydroxyl (OH), a halide selected from F, Cl, Br and I; a pseudohalide selected from CN, OCN and SCN; nitrosyl (NO), and any combination thereof; Q is a counter-cation selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal cation, an alkaline earth metal cation, a transition metal cation, an organic cation, a substituted or unsubstituted quaternary ammonium cation, a substituted or unsubstituted quaternary phosphonium cation, and any combination thereof; O is oxygen; F is fluorine; x is an integer between 0 and 6; m is an integer between 4 and 200; n is an integer between 1 and 10; l is an integer between 0 and 10; y is an integer between 5 and 1000; q is an integer between 0 and 30; and z is an integer between 0 to
 20. 18. The process according to claim 16, wherein the polyoxometalate catalyst is a Wells-Dawson type polyoxometalate represented by the structure Q_(q){₂-TM(L)P₂W₁₇O₆₁} or Q_(q){α₁-TM(L)P₂W₁₇O₆₁} or said polyoxometalate catalyst is Q_(q){[(TM(L)]2WZn(ZnW₉O₃₄)₂} or Q₉{[(TM(L)]2WCo(CoW₉ O₃₄)₂} or said polyoxometalate is a Keggin type polyoxometalate represented by the structure Q_(q){XTM(L)M₁₁O₃₉} or said polyoxometalate is a quasi Wells-Dawson polyfluoroxometalate represented by the structure Q_(q){X′ H₂TM(L)W₁₇F₆O₅₅} wherein X, TM, L, Q, M and q are as defined in claim 16; and X′ is Na.
 19. The process according to claim 17, wherein said polyoxometalate precatalyst is a Wells-Dawson type polyoxometalate represented by the structure Q_(q){α₂-TM(L)P₂W₁₇O₆₁} or Q_(q){α₁-TM(L)P₂W₁₇O₆₁} or said polyoxometalate is Q_(q){[(TM(L)]₂WZn(ZnW₉O₃₄)₂} or Q_(q){[(TM(L)]₂WCo(CoW₉ O₃₄)₂} or said polyoxometalate is a Keggin type polyoxometalate represented by the following structure Q_(q){XTM(L)M₁₁O₃₉} or said polyoxometalate is a quasi Wells-Dawson polyfluoroxometalate represented by the structure Q_(q){X′H₂TM(L)W₁₇F₆O₅₅}; wherein X, TM, L, Q, M and q are as defined in claim 17 and X′ is Na.
 20. The process according to claim 16, wherein said TM is a transition metal selected from Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Ru; L is NO₂; Q is a counter-cation selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal cation, an alkaline earth metal cation, a transition metal cation, an organic cation, a substituted or unsubstituted quaternary ammonium cation, an adduct of said quaternary ammonium cation with NO₂, a substituted or unsubstituted quaternary phosphonium cation, an adduct of said quaternary phosphonium cation with NO₂, and any combination thereof; and q is an integer between 6 and
 12. 21. The process according to claim 17, wherein said TM is a transition metal selected from Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Ru; L is H₂O or NO; Q is a counter-cation selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal cation, an alkaline earth metal cation, a transition metal cation, an organic cation, a substituted or unsubstituted quaternary ammonium cation, a substituted or unsubstituted quaternary phosphonium cation, and any combination thereof; and q is an integer between 6 and
 12. 22. The process according to claim 18, wherein the polyoxometalate catalyst is selected from the group consisting of Q₈{α₂-Cu(NO₂)P₂W₁₇O₆₁}, Q₈{α₁-Cu(NO₂)P₂W₁₇O₆₁}, Q₁₂{ZnWCu₂(NO₂)₂(ZnW₉O₃₄)₂}, Q₁₂{CoWCu₂(NO₂)₂(CoW₉O₃₄)₂}, Q₉{NaH₂Cu(NO₂)W₁₇F₆O₅₅} and Q₉{NaH₂Mn(NO₂)W₁₇F₆O₅₅}.
 23. The process according to claim 19, wherein the polyoxometalate precatalyst is selected from the group consisting of Q₈{α₂-Cu(H₂O)P₂W₁₇O₆₁}, Q₈{α₂-Cu(NO)P₂W₁₇O₆₁}, Q₈{α₁-Cu(H₂O)P₂W₁₇O₆₁}, Q₈{α₁-Cu(NO)P₂W₁₇O₆₁}, Q₁₂{ZnWCu₂(H₂O)₂(ZnW₉O₃₄)₂}, Q₁₂{ZnWCu₂(NO)₂(ZnW₉O₃₄)₂}, Q₁₂{CoWCu₂(H₂O)₂(CoW₉O₃₄)₂}, Q₁₂{CoWCu₂(NO)₂(CoW₉O₃₄)₂}, Q₉{NaH₂Cu(H₂O)W₁₇F₆O₅₅}, Q₉{NaH₂Mn(H₂O)W₁₇F₆O₅₅ }, Q₉{NaH₂Cu(NO)W₁₇F₆O₅₅} and Q₉{NaH₂Mn(NO)W₁₇F₆O₅₅}.
 24. The process according to claim 18, wherein X is Na, proton, P, Si or As; M is Mo, W or any combination thereof, and q is 3-10.
 25. The process according to claim 19, wherein X is Na, proton, P, Si or As; M is Mo, W or any combination thereof, and q is 3-10.
 26. The process according to claim 16, wherein Q is trioctylmethylammonium or an NO₂ adduct thereof.
 27. The process according to any of claim 16, wherein X is selected from the group consisting of Na, B, Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sn, P, As, Sb, S, Se, Te, and a proton or any combination thereof.
 28. The process according to claim 1, wherein the reaction is conducted in a solvent selected from the group consisting of aromatic hydrocarbons, nitriles, carboxylic acids, ketones, alcohols, halogenated hydrocarbons, nitroalkanes, ethers, dimethyl sulfoxide, amides, carboxylic acids, and esters.
 29. The process according to claim 1, wherein the solvate is selected from the group consisting of a hydrate, a diethylether solvate, an acetonitrile solvate, a dimethylsulfoxide solvate, a tetrahydrofuran solvate, and an alcoholate such as a methanolate or ethanolate.
 30. A nitro coordinated polyoxometalate catalyst represented by the structure of formula I: Q_(q)[X_(x)M_(m)TM_(n)L_(l)O_(y)F_(z)] (I) or a solvate thereof, wherein said nitro coordinated polyoxometalate catalyst forms a transition metal-NO₂ complex; wherein X is a metal or non-metal heteroatom, proton or any combination thereof; M is an addenda atom selected from the group consisting of tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), niobium (Nb), and vanadium (V), and any combination thereof; TM is a transition metal selected from the group consisting of chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), nickel, (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), ruthenium (Ru), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), iridium (Ir), rhodium (Rh) and any combination thereof; L is nitrogen dioxide (NO₂); Q is a counter-cation selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal cation, an alkaline earth metal cation, a transition metal cation, an organic cation, a substituted or unsubstituted quaternary ammonium cation, an adduct of said quaternary ammonium cation with NO₂, a substituted or unsubstituted quaternary phosphonium cation, an adduct of said quaternary phosphonium cation with NO₂ , and any combination thereof; O is oxygen; F is fluorine; x is an integer between 0 and 6; m is an integer between 4 and 200; n is an integer between 1 and 10; l is an integer between 0 and 10; y is an integer between 5 and 1000; q is an integer between 0 and 30; and z is an integer between 0 to
 20. 31. The catalyst of claim 30, wherein said catalyst of Formula I is represented by the following structures: Q_(q){α₂-TM(L)P₂W₁₇O₆₁}, Q_(q){α₁TM(L)P₂W₁₇O₆₁}, Q_(q){[TM(L)]₂WZn(ZnW₉O₃₄)₂}, Q_(q){[(TM(L)]₂WCo(CoW₉O₃₄)₂}, Q_(q){XH₂TM(L)W₁₇F₆O₅₅}; or Q_(q){XTM(L)M₁₁O₃₉}.
 32. The catalyst of claim 31, wherein said catalyst is Q₈{α₂-Cu(NO₂)P₂W₁₇O₆₁}, Q₈{α¹Cu(NO₂)P₂W₁₇O₆₁}, Q₁₂{ZnWCu₂(NO₂)₂(ZnW₉O₃₄)₂}, Q₁₂{CoWCu₂(NO₂)₂(CoW₉O₃₄)₂}, Q₉{NaH₂Cu(NO₂)W₁₇F₆O₅₅} or Q₉{NaH₂Mn(NO₂)W₁₇F₆O₅₅ }. 